Every AP Environmental Science Practice Test Available

Each AP Environmental Science Practice Test Available SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Is it accurate to say that you are getting ready for the Environmental Science AP test? Perhaps the most ideal approaches to read for the test and make sense of how well you’re getting along is to take work on tests.Taking practice tests lets you see what sort of inquiries you’ll be posed on the test, and they can assist you with making sense of which subjects or kinds of inquiries you battle with and need to audit more.Finding practice tests can be tedious, and, tragically, not all training tests are made similarly. Fortunately, we’re here to help. In this guide, I’ll give connects to all theAP Environmental Science practice tests accessible, bring up which ones are the highest caliber, and clarify how you ought to utilize them. Official AP Environmental Science Practice Exams Official practice materials, those created by the College Board, are the best to utilize while getting ready for an AP exam.This is on the grounds that, since the training materials are made by a similar association that builds up the genuine AP test, you can be certain they’ll precisely speak to the test and give you the best thought of what the genuine AP test will cover. Sadly, the College Board doesn’t frequently prefer to discharge a huge amount of training material, especially various decision questions (since they regularly reuse these for different tests). Be that as it may, there are as yet official audit materialsyou can utilize which I've isolated into three classes. Complete Exams The College Board has discharged one completeAP Environmental Science practice test, from 1998. Complete 1998 AP Environmental Science test This test isn't excessively later, however becauseAP Enviro hasn’t experienced any noteworthy changes from that point forward, it’s still valuable and will give you a good thought of what the genuine test will resemble. This test additionally contains answers to all the inquiries, just as scoring rules and test reactions for the free-reaction questions. Know however that, despite the fact that the inquiries are as yet comparable, reviewing rules have changed. Subsequently, the College Board has discharged a report with refreshed scoring rules for the free-reaction questions so you can get a progressively exact thought of how questions are scored and what your unpleasant score on the test would be. Various Choice Questions Other than the single total discharged practice test, the main spot to discover official various decision inquiries for AP Environmental Science is in the Course Description for the class. Starting on page 12 of the archive, you’ll discover 17 various decision questions. While this isn’t anyplace near what you’ll see on the genuine test (the real AP test will have 100 inquiries), it’ll give you a thought of the points the test will cover and how addresses will be worded. Free-Response Questions Fortunately, there are huge amounts of legitimate free-reaction addresses accessible for you to study and practice with. The College Board has discharged past free-reaction inquiries from 1999-2017. Free-reaction addresses 1999-2017 With four free-reaction addresses remembered for the test every year, that implies you approach 68 authority free-reaction questions! These inquiries each incorporate scoring rules and test reactions so you can get a thought of what the graders were searching for. Conceivable Other Source: Your Teacher Your AP Environmental Science educator may likewise approach some extra official practice addresses that you can utilize. Instructors are here and there ready to buy official practice inquiries from the College Board which understudies don’t approach. Presently, your educator may have decided not to do this, or they might be sparing those inquiries for class tests, however in the event that you’re searching for progressively official practice materials, you might need to take a risk and ask them. Official practice tests won't accompany a seal, yet you can be certain they're the most noteworthy qualitypracticematerials out there. Free Unofficial AP Environmental Science Practice Tests You must be somewhat warier when utilizing informal practice materials since some of them don’t do a generally excellent activity of repeating what subjects the AP test spreads or how they word their inquiries. Nonetheless, there are numerous that can even now be useful. For every one of the assets underneath, I’ll clarify what material they incorporate and how intently it coordinates the genuine AP Environmental Science test. Barron’s Barron’s has made a high-caliber, complete practice test (with 100 various decision and four free-reaction questions, much the same as the genuine AP test). This test works superbly of repeating genuine AP questions, and it additionally remembers for profundity answer clarifications for each question, including test reactions for nothing reaction questions. You can step through the exam in planned or untimed mode.This is an especially accommodating asset that you should utilize admirably. (See underneath for how you ought to utilize this and different assets.) Varsity Tutors Varsity Tutors has a total numerous decision segment (100 inquiries). The test is coordinated and consequently evaluated for you. While it doesn’t incorporate free-reaction questions, themultiple-decision questions are like those you’ll see on the AP exam.You can join these inquiries with a lot of legitimate free-reaction questions and made a total practice test. In the event that you’d like to rehearse a particular theme, they additionally have 148 practice tests of changing trouble for AP Environmental Science, notwithstanding; the points are separated into such explicit classifications that numerous tests have just 1-2 inquiries, which can make it dreary to move from one short test to the next.The tests can be useful for increasingly centered contemplating, yet, when all is said in done, the total indicative test is the best asset from this site. McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill offers a 25-question AP Environmental Science practice test. This is shorter than numerous other practice questions and, moreover, the test is additionally untimed. In any case, the inquiries are commonly elegantly composed, so it’s still a decent asset to utilize. Natural Science Textbook Quizzes This site incorporates 20-question tests for every one of the 25 sections of the Environmental Science course reading parts. To choose a test, pick a section from the left-hand side of the page, at that point pick â€Å"Practice Quiz† on the new page.These tests are genuinely surface-level, however they can assist you with examining explicit themes or plan for in-class tests, regardless of whether you don’t utilize Environmental Science as your textbook.One baffling thing is that you’ll need to tap on every section independently to perceive what areasit covers if you’re hoping to contemplate a specific subject. ProProfs This is a - question numerous decision test. This is a serious short test and, unusually, it gives definitions to certain watchwords you should definitely know, yet it may be useful on the off chance that you need a speedy report meeting. Secondary School Test Prep This test contains 15 different decision questions. Like ProProfs, its inquiries are more fundamental than most of those on the real AP test will be, yet you despite everything may think that its helpful to give it a shot. Paid Unofficial AP Environmental Science Practice Tests These next assets will cost you a touch of cash to utilize. Shmoop For individuals who pay its membership free, Shmoop offers three full-length AP Environmental Science tests just as a symptomatic test.Paying Shmoop’s charge of $24.68 a month gets you access to these training tests just as training material for a wide assortment of different tests forthe ACT, SAT, and other AP tests. Albert Albert has different decision tests for every one of the seven fundamental thoughts of the course. The tests are ordered by trouble, are not coordinated, and will quickly inform you as to whether you have addressed correctly.While a portion of the inquiries are free (you'll have to set up a record), you won’t have the option to perceive what the right answer is on the off chance that you addressed erroneously or answer any hard-level trouble addresses except if you pay $25 for full access. Full access gives you access to more than 200 various decision questions. All in all, I saw these inquiries as more fundamental than real AP questions.They concentrated essentially on definitions and essential factsand didn’t stress making associations between various subjects as much as the genuine test does. Survey Books Somewhere else to discover practice tests is in AP Environmental Science Review books. Most survey books contain 1-2 practice tests. These tests can shift as far as quality, in any case, all in all, Princeton Review and Barron’s are really sure things with regards to quality. Before you buy an audit book, you should peruse surveys on the web or ask understudies who have recently utilized the book how well they felt it set them up for the test. Step by step instructions to Use AP Environmental Science Practice Tests Since you realize where to discover every one of those training tests, in what manner would it be a good idea for you to utilize them? Stepping through arbitrary exams randomly won’t improve your score a lot, if by any stretch of the imagination, so follow these rules to realize which practice materials you ought to usewhen. First Semester First semester, you’re as yet learning a large portion of the substance you have to know for the test, so taking a full-length practice test won’t be exceptionally useful in light of the fact that your score will probably be low since you haven’t secured certain points yet. During this semester, center around taking authority free-reaction questions (you can glance through them to discover ones that attention on data you’ve effectively secured) and informal tests that emphasis on explicit substance regions (the Environmental Science and Albert tests are acceptable spots to begin). Make certain to begin your concentrating right on time (by the center of first semester) and consistently audit consistently. Doing customary audit will assist you with keeping steady over the material, be get ready

Asthma Essay Research Paper AsthmaWhat is Asthma

Asthma Essay, Research Paper Asthma What is Asthma? Asthma is a disturbed that influences 20 % of Australians in their adolescence. It causes air sections to contract doing it difficult to slowly inhale. Indications may remember loss of relax for cold conditions, wheezing and whistling. It might happen inconsistently in abrupt fresh surges. At the point when a surge happens The musculuss around the air current channel fix withering the air entries. The air current channel run alonging so crestless waves ( picture ) and a mucous emission called aloofness creates doing the hack to heighten and to some degree progressively difficult. What are the Causes and Triggers for asthma? Assaults of Asthma happen because of a block in the bronchial tubing. This block outcomes from an issue that limits the trachea doing take a breathing difficulty for the wiped out individual. Asthma Gun triggers are things that exacerbate Asthma. Common triggers are # 8211 ; Respiratory contaminations eg. Colds, grippe, sore pharynxs and bronchitis Unfavorably susceptible responses some of the time cause Asthma eg. Dust, supplements, dust, invigorate being pelt or some seed. Air thistles ( like Allergic responses ) eg. Tobacco smoke, gases or residue. Unnecessary/arduous practicing can do an Asthma surge. Enthusiastic Stress can other than trip an Asthma assault. Indications of Asthma Indications incorporate wheezing from the chest or a little whistle is heard while breathing in. It # 8217 ; s significantly stronger while terminating. Rigidity of the chest, lung and lung nation are firmly connected with Asthma. Treatment for asthma There is no solution for Asthma yet there are stairss that doctors take to help ease the manifestations of Asthma. As a first measure doctors attempt to take or procure the patient to maintain a strategic distance from Asthma triggers, for example, # 8220 ; licentious dander # 8221 ; ( eg. Hide or hairs ) . These are extremely liable to trip an Asthma surge. Topographic focuses where vitalize creatures stay are educated to be saved clear with respect to for a wiped out individual. Since it is difficult to take or dodge all triggers there are drugs that can be tak en. For example, †Against # 8211 ; Inflammatory Drugs: these chop down puffiness of the trachea and it # 8217 ; s liner. Oral Steroids # 8211 ; Orasone and Pediapred quickly chop down redness during an attack. Breathed in clinical claims to fame # 8211 ;, for example, cromoyln Na and breathed in corticoids keep up redness from fire uping up. Bronchodilators: release up the musculuss which have fixed around the trachea. Adrenergic bronchodilators ( # 8221 ; Beta 2 agonists # 8221 ; ) give fleeting easing yet do non handle redness. These are accessible as an Inhaler or a tablet signifier. Tragically the tablets are increasingly slow a couple of side effects. Theophylline is accessible in a fluid, case or tablet signifier. This medication has a long duration of activity doing it a great soother for # 8220 ; dull clasp # 8221 ; Asthma. Wayss of preventing asthma There are no methods of preventing Asthma since it is regularly familial, adversely related or following a dose of bronchitis, however there are approaches to hinder it from fire uping up and transforming into an assault. A wiped out individual can be extremely cautious about his or hers eating regimen in light of the fact that the eating regimen can extraordinarily affect the Asthma. Because of hypersensitive responses and so on. Remaining off from dusts and bodily pelt settees down Asthma. The unfavorably susceptible responses are the most noteworthy reasons for Asthma. Ensure you ever have medication with you, for example, Intal and Becotide. These preventive clinical claims to fame will end an attack happening. Summery For an Asthma wiped out individual outside breath can now and then be an incredible difficulty because of the way that at any clasp their air current funnel can shrink because of redness, doing it extremely difficult to calmly inhale. However, with the correct medication eg. Inhalers and Theophylline their life can be a lot simpler. In the event that they other than remain off from triggers, for example, dust, pelt and final resting place nail smoke the aviation routes may non be so powerless. Regardless of whether you wear # 8217 ; Ts have Asthma you ought to keep up an oculus out for the manifestations which are # 8211 ; chest and lung severity, wheezing and loss of breath especially in cool conditions. 314

10 Intersections Between Podcasts, Audiobooks, and Storytelling at Large

10 Intersections Between Podcasts, Audiobooks, and Storytelling at Large Listen to this post Half of Americans have listened to an audiobook, and the same percentage have listened to a podcast according to a 2019 survey conducted by Edison Research and Triton Digital. This was the first year that the audience for both podcasts and audiobooks reached 50% listenership. According to the Audio Publishers Association’s press release on the research, there is a clear crossover audience between the two: 55% of audiobook listeners had also listened to a podcast in the month surveyed. This makes sense, as both podcasts and audiobooks are auditory ways of consuming information and stories. But beyond the numbers, I wanted to know: how else do the two industries intersect, feeding one into the other? In what ways do they amplify each other rather than simply competing for listeners? I’ve rounded up ten ways in which podcasts, audiobooks, and oral storytelling at large are interconnected, particularly now that more and more print books have an accompanying audio version published simultaneously. (Which is why, when available, I am linking directly to the audiobook version of any titles mentioned.) 1) Podcasts Promoting Authors and Books I once heard a book publicist say that no one sells more books than Terry Gross, host of NPR’s Fresh Air. While yes, this program is a radio show, it is also recorded and distributed across podcast platforms. As a growing area of media, podcasts serve as an important way to spread the word about a book its authorâ€"the story about the story, if you will. Interviews spots and mentions can be an important part of a book’s comprehensive promotional plan. Take author Roxane Gay, for exampleâ€"she’s been interviewed about her life and work on podcasts such as Sooo Many White Guys, Bitch Sesh, Filthy Public Bathroom, Queery with Cameron Esposito, and Design Matters, which I got to see taped live at On Air Fest (heres a recap of her interview!). 2) Podcasts About Books While some podcasts promote books to a general audience, there are also entire podcasts dedicated to discussing and recommending books. Book Riot is home to 11 such bookish podcasts. Some dive into specific genresâ€"For Real for nonfiction, Read or Dead for mysteries and thrillers, and the self-explanatory When in Romance, Hey YA, SFF Yeah! and Kidlit These Daysâ€"whereas others discuss book news and culture or offer custom recommendations to listeners. Ours are certainly not the only ones, thoughâ€"here are 11 more book podcasts. 3) Book Club Podcasts There’s also a delightful sub-genre of bookish podcasts that feature the hosts reading and discussing books together, often inviting listeners to read along with them. One of my favorites is Harry Potter and the Sacred Text, in which two Harvard Divinity School grads guide listeners chapter by chapter through the Harry Potter series, treating it as a religious text. In the Banging Book Club podcast (now concluded), three YouTubers read and discussed books about sex and gender. There’s also By the Book, in which the hosts read self-help books and try out the lifestyles they prescribe to find out what works. 4) Authors Starting Podcasts Writers are storytellers, so it comes as no surprise that countless authors are starting their own podcasts. In 2018, U.S. Poet Laureate Tracy K. Smith started her daily poetry podcast The Slowdown. Other poets are also working in the podcast spaceâ€"Tommy Pico (author of IRL, Nature Poem, and Junk) co-hosts the roundtable podcast Food 4 Thot with several of his writing friends, and Franny Choi (Soft Science) and Danez Smith (Don’t Call Us Dead) co-host the VS. poetry podcast. In April, writer Roxane Gay launched “the black feminist podcast of your dreams” called Hear to Slay for subscribers on Luminary. My personal favorite is YA novelist John Green’s The Anthropocene Reviewed, in which he “reviews facets of the human centered-planet on a five-star scale” in mini essays that braid together research and memoir. My roommate is a big fan of  Writing Excuses, a 15-minute discussion of various writing topics hosted by sci-fi/fantasy authors Dan Wells, Brandon Sanderson, and M ary Robinette Kowal, with occasional guests. 5) Podcasts That Are Kinda Like Audiobooks Some podcasts are testing the boundaries between audiobook and radio drama. A prime example of this is S-Town, a 7 “chapter” true crime podcast from the creators of This American Life and Serial that won a 2017 Peabody Award. As stated on the award’s website, S-Town “breaks new ground for the medium by creating the first true audio novel, a nonfiction biography constructed in the style and form of a 7-chapter novel.” Fiction podcasts are also working in the space of the audio-original novel. Think of it this way: Charles Dickens first published his books in serial print form; creators of serial fiction podcasts like  Tanis, Wolf 359, and The Walk are doing something similar. 6) Books Based on Podcasts…that Become Audiobooks Sometimes, a popular podcast becomes the basis for a book. The McElroy brother’s Dungeons Dragons role-playing podcast was adapted to a graphic novel, The Adventure Zone: Here There Be Gerblins. Though this was not adapted to an audiobook (given the reliance on illustrations), many other podcasts-turned-books are, such as Welcome to Nightvale and Alice Isn’t Dead. A nonfiction example is YouTuber Gaby Dunn’s Bad with Money*, which now exists as a podcast, book, and audiobook. Even when the book comes full circle back to the audio format, it still usually offers listeners a new experience. While Mike Rowe’s forthcoming book The Way I Heard It* started as a collection of podcast transcripts, he says on his website that it evolved to include elements of memoir and unrecorded stories told in the style of his podcast. The hosts of My Favorite Murder  do something similar in  their book Stay Sexy and Don’t Get Murdered, building on elements of memoir and self-help. (*Disclaimer: I work for the audio publisher of these two titles, but opinions are mine.) 7) Podcasts Based on a Book Starting a podcast inspired by a book offers authors a new medium to continue exploring the same ideas. It also serves as a way to expand their brand and continue promoting the book. Gretchen Rubins, author of The Happiness Project, now co-hosts a podcast with Elizabeth Craft called Happier. The 2005 book Freakonomics also inspired a weekly podcast of the same name, which is now approaching its 400th episode. After publishing Doing Itâ€"a teen guide to sex and relationshipsâ€"author and YouTuber Hannah Witton launched a podcast of the same name, in which she continues the conversation started on her channel and in her book. 8) Audiobooks with Podcast Elements Some authors are starting to use podcast transcripts as a narrative form. An example of this is the YA thriller Sadie by Courtney Summers. Half of the story is told in the style of a true crime podcast about the unsolved murder of a dead girl and her missing older sister, and the other half is narrated in the first person by the missing girl herself. In the audiobook version, the podcast elements were recorded to sound as real as possible, using a full cast of narrators and sound effects to set the scenes. 9) Podcasters Getting Book Deals Editors and literary agents have long been scouting out potential book projects from interesting people with something to say and a platform to promote itâ€"and podcasters are no exception. The resulting book is not always directly tied to the podcast, however. Vanessa Zoltan, co-founder and co-host of Harry Potter and the Sacred Text, recently shared news of landing a book deal to write about Jane Eyre  as a sacred text.  This was the topic of Zoltans thesis at Harvard Divinity School, and also the inspiration for her Harry Potter podcast. Podcast hosts are natural storytellers, so it makes sense that they would have unique ideas worth exploring in written form (and I, for one, can’t wait for the audio adaptation of this text!). Did I get a book deal at Penguin writing about treating Jane Eyre as sacred? @penguinpress @TarcherPerigee pic.twitter.com/BILeV6bU5z Vanessa Zoltan (@vanessamzoltan) May 2, 2019 10) Oral History Projects Not everyone gets to publish a book and have their story produced by a professional audio publisher. But everyone has a story to tell, and that is what oral historians aim to preserve. Earlier this year, I attended the audio culture festival On Air Fest, which highlighted two oral history podcasts working to share those stories with a broader audience: Our Streets, Our Stories (produced by the Brooklyn Public Library) and Flatbush + Main (produced by the Brooklyn Historical Society). Whether streamed to 10 listeners or 10,000, these podcasts amplify the storiesâ€"and the voicesâ€"that often go overlooked by traditional media. Even oral histories can come full circle though, as is the case with the book Listening Is an Act of Love, a compilation of oral histories compiled by the StoryCorps organizationâ€"and available as audiobook. Be sure to check out some of our other articles on podcasts and audiobooks: 50 Must-Read Books by Podcasters 15 of the Absolute Best Podcasts for Childrens Books 5 Inspiring StoryCorps Videos about Books and Reading Bookish Podcasts That Will Help You Pick Your Next Read 7 Fiction Podcasts for Superhero Fans Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Tragedy Of Domestic Violence - 2012 Words

The Tragedy of Domestic Violence Domestic violence towards women is a problem that is often overlooked by society. Violence is defined in Webster s Dictionary as: â€Å"1. Physical force employed so as to damage or injure. 2. As an instance of violent action.† (Webster) If this is the case, then why is it that so many women are beaten by loved ones each year? And little or nothing is done to correct this violent situation? A battered woman is pictured by most people as a small and flimsy person who might once have been pretty. She has many small children, no job skills or very little, and is financially dependent on their husband. It is often expected that she is poor and from a minority group. Although some battered women do fit this†¦show more content†¦Research shows that 1.6-2.9 million women are battered every year. Not only do the victims undergo physical pain, but they also have to deal with emotional, mental, and even spiritual pain. The victim may have to face reoccurring nightmares and may never want to trust another man. Much too frequently, the victims blames themselves. The usual response of an abused woman is, I provoked him, I was being a horrible wife, mother, and I’m not there for him like how I use to be, (Ellis 141). The very sad part about the violence alongside the physical and emotional stress, is that most likely they know who the offender or abuser is. Domestic Violence is a critical issue negatively impacting women in the world today. There has to be something done to prevent this type of abuse from happening. The results of my research revealed that there are many victims that do not know the type of help that is available and there needs to be major improvement in the way domestic violence cases are handled. Based on discoveries, awareness and prevention programs should be carry out in every state in order avoid this type of abuse from happening over and over again. Also, each program must be supervised to ensure they are following the proper guidelines in order to better serve the victims and their families (Vagianos 2006). Has domestic violence stemmed from the mental abuse suffered by our descendants that still feel that

The Indian Removal Act And Trail Of Tears Essay - 976 Words

The Indian Removal Act/Trail of Tears Tristan Bennett Central High School November 9, 2015 3rd Period Abstract On May 28, 1830 Andrew Jackson, the president at the time, signed the Indian Removal Act making it a law. The law gave the U.S. government the right to exchange land west of the Mississippi for Indian Territory in the state borders. Some tribes relocated peacefully, but most resisted the relocation. The United States government forced Cherokee Indians to move and 4,000 of them died being relocated giving the forced movement the name â€Å"Trail of Tears.† The Indian Removal Act/Trail of Tears In the early nineteenth century, the United States wanted position in the West, power was still in the hands of Native peoples. The Native Americans outnumbered whites and controlled the resources and routes of movement. Native Americans were not only fighting with the U.S. but with other Indian nations. Natives started to become even more unsettled as the U.S. government removed most eastern Native groups beyond the Mississippi River. The Indians were viewed as standing in the way of the progress of the new nation by the settlers and many other people who were trying to settle the U.S. The settlers who were eager to have land for more cotton pressured the government to gain Indian Territory. Andrew Jackson was the commander of the U.S. Military forces that defeated a faction of the Creek nation that resulted in the Creek Indians losing 22 million acres of land inShow MoreRelatedThe Trail of Tears, Indian Removal Act of 1830 Essay1996 Words   |   8 PagesSarah Nawotny 11/24/2012 ENG 101-I NATIVE AMERICANS: the trail of tears, the indian removal act of 1830, reservation opression I have decided to dive into the depths of the American Indians and the reasoning behind all of the poverty and the oppression of the â€Å"white man.† In doing so I came across a couple of questions that I would like to answer. A). How did the Indian Removal Act of 1830 affect Native American culture, financial status, health, and B). Identity and how is life on the reservationRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act, Fort Laramie Treaties, And The Trail Of Tears1937 Words   |  8 Pagesskinned warriors, and lively dancing. 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By the end of the 1830s the Indians were moved out and the few left were workers for the EuropeansRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears By James Collins1452 Words   |  6 PagesJames Collins Donald West History 201 December 1, 2015 TRAIL OF TEARS The trail of tears is also referred to as the period of Indian s removal. It was a period where Native Americans in the U.S were forcefully relocated following the removal of Indian Removal Act of 1830. Those who were forcibly moved were from Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, and Chickasaw and Choctaw nations in the southern U.S, an area initially referred to as the Indian Territory. Migration from Cherokee nation had begun in theRead MoreHistory: The Indian Removal Act Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesthey needed the Natives out. There were several motives for the removal of the Indians from their lands, to include racism and land lust. Since they first arrived, the white Americans hadn’t been too fond of the Native Americans. They were thought to be highly uncivilized and they had to go. In his letter to Congress addressing the removal of the Indian tribes, President Jackson states the following: â€Å"It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them fromRead MoreKayleigh Poudrier. Hist 221-002. Professor Marram. 31 March1704 Words   |  7 PagesKayleigh Poudrier HIST 221-002 Professor Marram 31 March 2017 It is hard to imagine what it must have felt like to be the Cherokee Indians in the year of 1838. However, in order for one to try to come to some sort of empathetic conclusion, it may be necessary to imagine themselves living and growing up somewhere their whole lives in a place that they love. They would need to imagine having such strong connections to the place that they have called their home and the land surrounding it, and beingRead MoreTrail of Tears: Forceful Removal of Indians in the US837 Words   |  3 PagesThe forceful removal and exodus of thousands of Native Americans from their lands east of the Mississippi River during the 1830s is often called the Trail of Tears. This removal of Native Americans from their lands was a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which was signed by then-President Andrew Jackson one year into his presidency and which President Martin Van Buren ensured was carried out. When Andrew Jackson became President of the United States in 1829, he based his decision of signingRead MoreThe Causes Of The Indian Removal Act?779 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Andrew Jackson urged the Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Indian Removal Act was also known as The Trail of Tears. This act gave the government the power to force Native Americans to relocate from their homes and properties to west of the Mississippi River. The government desired their land. â€Å"Georgia tried to reclaim this land in 1830, but the Cherokee protested and took the case to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court decided in favor of the Cherokee, however, the PresidentRead MoreThe Trail Of Tears : American History1631 Words   |  7 PagesWhen people hear about the Trail of Tears, the only thought to really pop up in their mind is a bunch of Indians died while being forced to emigrate from their homes. Many people believe that the Trail of Tears revolves only around the Cherok ee Indians because the name came from their language. Of the Cherokee who made it to the west without death taking them, they called this forced removal, â€Å"Nunna Daul Isunyi—The Trail Where We Cried† (Langguth, 311). The Trail of Tears is a blackspot on AmericanRead MoreThe Impacts Of A Cherokee Story : Trail Of Tears920 Words   |  4 PagesStory: Trail of Tears One of the major atrocities early in the United States (US) expansion came after President Andrew Jackson approved of and signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. This document set the foundation for what would be known as the Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears was the forceful relocation of give main Native American tribes from their eastern lands, to newly established territories located west of the Mississippi River (Dwyer, 2014, p. 33). After researching the Trail of Tears’

Evaluating Areas of Knowledge Free Essays

Music can affect us in many ways. It can evoke emotion or bring back a long-forgotten memory. It is present in nearly every aspect of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluating Areas of Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Anywhere you travel, you come into contact with music. Whether it is on the radio in the car, in the supermarket, or on television, there is no escaping the constant presence of music. Music is composed for various reasons and purposes. Sometimes, composers are compelled to create a musical work to express their emotions, or even opinions. Music is also created to express the cultural aspects. Since there are so many reasons music is created and purposes it is used for, how is it possible to know music and in what ways can music be known? According to the International Baccalaureate Theory of Knowledge, there are several specific ways of knowing that allow knowledge claims to be evaluated. The infinitive, to know, can be evaluated by using reason, language, perception, and emotion. All of these ways can be utilized when evaluating the claim â€Å"I know this music. † Also, most of these mentioned ways of knowing can be applied to other areas of knowledge besides the arts. To begin, knowing music can be evaluated by using reason as logic. Obviously, if someone where to make this claim, he could simply be referring to the fact that he had heard it before. But logically, looking on a deeper level, the claim could mean that he had played through the music before. Often when musicians play a piece of music, or especially when it is performed, it has greater meaning to them and allows them to know it more intimately. When playing a piece of music, artists can put their own personal feeling into it. They can vary certain aspects such as tempo and phrasing. Not only does playing music speak to a listening audience, it speaks to the artist. This makes playing music a very psychological process, as it evokes certain feelings from listener and performer. Very gifted musicians are sometimes able to merely look at a piece of music, to analyze each note and rhythm, and be able to claim they know the piece. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was able to know music in this way. He would compose entire symphonies and concertos entirely in his mind before ever writing them down. And when he did write them down, he never changed a note. Mozart never had to physically hear a piece of music to know what it sounded like; he could hear it in his mind. Likewise, this was true for Beethoven, who composed and conducted his ninth symphony after becoming deaf. This process of knowing occurs on a much more intellectual level then actually playing music. However, both methods present knowledge of music. Besides using reason as logic, one can also consider the reason in the purpose of music in order to fully know it. Music is usually always created for some purpose. Composers are inspired and feel compelled to express their creativity. However, despite the composer’s initial purpose for the music, its purpose to society may become completely different. For instance, many early classical composers were hired by courts and forced to compose music for the king. Often they would just write so as to get paid and to save themselves from poverty or execution. They would never have imagined that their music would, hundreds of years later, be listened to in the homes of middle class amilies as their children fervently practice the current assignment from the piano teacher. Music can be written to express opinions of society, culture, and authority. The popular rapper Eminem, constantly criticized for his outspokenness, articulates his views through his controversial lyrics. Similarly, the members of the heavy metal band Rage Against the Machine are known for their radical views of government and ha ve even been arrested several times for protesting on the steps of the capital. Rage uses their music to communicate their opinions and speak to others who feel the same. Altogether, the purpose of music can be used to evaluate how it is known. Next, the claim can also be evaluated by analyzing certain aspects of language. Semantics is a term often applied to the study of meaning in language. In order to study language, one needs to consider two aspects of language: denotation and connotation. Denotation can be thought of as the way in which a word is defined, as in the dictionary. Connotation, on the other hand, is thought of as the color of the word, or what it implies. Therefore, according to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, the definition of the verb ‘to know’ is: to perceive directly, or have direct cognition of, to have understanding of, to recognize the nature of, to recognize as being the same as something previously known, to be acquainted or familiar with, or to have experience of. The denotation of a word is very straightforward and differs from the connotation in that it lacks emotion. For example, when trying to explain love to a child, it does no good to give them a dictionary definition. On the other hand, the connotation of knowing can be explained in countless ways. For example, the word can infer that there is a strong emotional connection, whether it be positive or negative. The connotation also involves many other areas other than just the word, such as the tone of voice it is said in, or the context in which it is placed. When evaluating a claim, one cannot fully depend on a single aspect of semantics. Both denotation and connotation need to be taken into account in order to evaluate knowledge claims. In addition, perception is another way of knowing. Perception varies between all individuals. Perception makes each person unique. Therefore, it is difficult to make a generalized statement about perception besides the fact that it can drastically change the way identical events are interpreted. Perception can be influenced by many different factors such as culture, economic status, and religion. These factors can be described as filters through which the world is perceived. When applied to a knowledge claim, perception mainly varies between individuals’ views of what it means to know something. Take, for instance, the individual making the knowledge claim, â€Å"I know this music. One person’s perception of what it means to know could vary from the perception of the person being told. The only way to bridge this gap in perception, is to become tolerant of others’ views. Applied to others areas of knowledge, these ways of analyzing knowledge claims are valid yet sometimes irrelevant. For instance, the methods work for theoretical, language, and creativity based areas such as politics and the arts. However, when applied to more factual areas like mathematics and the natural sciences, the above methods are not suitable. For these areas, processes such as proofs and the scientific method are used. How to cite Evaluating Areas of Knowledge, Papers

The Link Between Cyber-Bullying and Suicide free essay sample

When people hear the word â€Å"bully† they often think of the tough guy in school who seems to push and shove his peers into lockers and take away their lunch money. The idea of this type of bully has become popular and many people today would consider it a means of toughening up and is also widely known as an inevitable part of growing up or a phase in a child’s life. Recently there has been a rise in a new form of bullying; cyber bullying. With the fast acting rise of technology and the expanding power and popularity of the internet there’s a new bully in town and it exists in your child’s computer. This type of torment is extreme, causing young people to take their lives. Additionally to the adolescents who successfully take their life, many of them still attempt and continue to strongly think about suicide. We will write a custom essay sample on The Link Between Cyber-Bullying and Suicide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Teenagers have easy access to dozens of social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr, which allow other individuals to hide their true identity. Many of these websites have the option to make yourself anonymous where you can send any user a comment without them knowing who send it. It is also very easy for an individual to make a fake profile and attack other individuals that way. Individuals don’t always keep their identities a secret, many times groups of students target another student and send them harsh comments like â€Å"go kill yourself already† and â€Å"the world would be better off without you†. Amanda Todd, a Vancouver-area teenager who posted a story to YouTube last month about being cyber-bullied, was found dead Wednesday night in Coquitlam, Canada. Authorities believe she committed suicide (Grenoble, Ryan). This 14 year old girl committed suicide on October, 11, 2012 due to cyber bullying. Previous to her death, Todd posted a video on YouTube telling her story with a series of flash cards. The torment began, according to Todds YouTube video, after she flashed a man onlinewhen she was in seventh grade. One year later, she said, he tracked her down onFacebook and forwarded her topless photo to everyone. She was bullied at each schoolshe went to, beat up by angry girls and attempted to kill herself by drinking bleach(Grenoble, Ryan). Even after Todd attempted to commit suicide by drinking bleach bullied still targeted her by writing things like â€Å"you should’ve drank more bleach† on her Facebook wall. Individuals still continue to target her by posted negative comments on her R. I. P fan page. Another teenage girl who continues to receive negative comments even after her death is Phoebe Prince who committed suicide in 2010 at age 15. â€Å"Girls at Phoebes school reportedly called her a wh**e and a bi**h, viciously harassing her in person and on Facebook. At least one student gloated after Phoebe took her own life, I dont care that shes dead. † (Holladay, Jennifer)† Cyberbullying has spread so quickly with the wide spread of internet. According to the 2009 AP-MTV Digital Abuse Study done by Janice Gatti, 50% of people age 14-24 have experienced digitally abusive behavior. Surprisingly enough we might be a cyber bully without even knowing. Many individuals post some negative comments on YouTube or Tumblr without even knowing or thinking about how the other person might feel but certain individuals do this regularly and these are the cyber bullies. Another suicide linked to cyber bullying is the death of 16 year old Jessica Laney. Laney being bullied on a website called ask. fm where users interact by asking each other questions is what caused her to commit suicide. Posts on Laney’s page range from the innocent – â€Å"What class do you like the most? † to the shockingly cruel – â€Å"Why are you so ugly? and â€Å"Just kill yourself. You’re worthless† (Murray, Rheana). Close friends to Laney spoke about their friends death. â€Å"You get compliments sometimes, but it’s those negative comments that bring youdown,† close friend Cheyenne Ellsmore told local station. â€Å"There are just things yous houldsay and things you shouldn’t,† said another friend, Lisa Arthur. â€Å"And on Ask. fm,none of that should be said† (Murray Rheana). Laney’s parents spoke briefly about their daughter’s death as well and mentioned that their daughter also had a history of mental health issues but the cyber bullying is what pushed her over the edge. It is impossible to ignore a cyber bully when all they want to do it attack you as an individual. We go on our social networking sites to enjoy and express ourselves not to have ourselves attacked by anonymous people or our classmates. According to the Cyber Bullying Research Center, Even though less than 10% of middle-school students reported being cyber bullied in the previous days, approximately 43% reported experiencing one of the several experiences that could be defined as cyber bullying. Among the most commonly experiences included: receiving and email that make them upset (18. %, not including spam), receiving an instant message that made them upset (15. 8%), and having something posted on their MySpace that made them upset (14. 1%). Everyone at one point receives at least one negative comment aimed towards us but these individuals who commit suicide over these cyber bullies are extremely targeted and are hit with something that may easily affect them or have been targeted fo r a long amount of time. Victims of cyber bullying who commit suicide have negative comments aimed at them daily. From their looks to how they are to what they do, comments involving any of these are not easily dealt with. An individual whose homosexuality was targeted by a cyber bully was Tyler Clementi, an 18 year old who committed suicide in 2010. His college roommate streamed a video live from their room while Clementi was with another boy. Just a day later, at 8:42 p. m. , Clementi posted this terse status update on Facebook: Jumping off the gw bridge. Sorry† (Nadine, Shabeeb). Homosexual individuals are a big target for cyber bullies. A 2005 Harris poll found 90 percent of gay and lesbian teens say theyve been bullied inthe past year. And nearly two-thirds of these students feel unsafe in school, according to a2009 survey by the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network. In September alone,three other teens took their own lives after homophobic taunting (Nadine, Shabeeb). A second target to cyber bullies because of his homosexuality was Seth Wash, who committed suicide at age 13 in 2012. On Oct. 1, 600 people crammed the First Baptist Church in Tehachapi to remember SethWalsh, a 13-year-old who liked Pokemon, dance music and reading the Bibleand whohad (somewhat reluctantly) acknowledged to understanding family members and friendsthat he liked other boys. Seth had been teased relentlessly; it started when he was infourth grade, according to his grandmother Judy Walsh. By sixth grade, kids werestarting to get mean, she says. By seventh grade, he was afraid to walk home fromschool† (Cloud, John) According to Gay Bullying Statistics, gay and lesbian teens are two to three times as more likely to commit suicide than other youths. About 30 percent of all completed suicides have been related to sexual identity crisis. Students who also fall into the ay, bisexual, lesbian or transgendered identity groups report being five times more likely to miss school because they feel unsafe after being cyber bullied due to their sexual orientation. About 28 percent out of those groups feel forced to drop out of school altogether. Although more and more schools are working to crack down problems with bullying, teens are still continuing to bully each other due to sexual orientation and other factors. Today only a few stated have laws against cyber bullying but there is more that needs to be done. It’s not okay for people to attack other individuals online forcing them to commit suicide. Our laws are not keeping pace with technology, Klein said in an interview with CNN. No longer is bullying only confined to the schoolyard. It is now piped in an instant through victims computers and onto the devices they carry in their pockets. This legislation will help provide protections to those who need it, as well as send a strong message about the seriousness of this destructive behavior† (Cyberbullying Crackdown). Parents and teenagers can help prevent cyber bulling. Parents can talk to their children advising them the negative and positive effects of writing about someone online. If you see your friend posting a comment on someone’s social networking site, stop them, even if it looks like it can do no harm, it may cost a life. If you see a case of cyber bullying tell someone else, when you see something it might not seem so damaging but it’s after someone takes their life away when the regret starts to hit them and them it’s too late. If you are experiencing cyber bullying stay off your computer for a while, don’t go on your social networking sites because the more you read them the more it will affect you. Don’t take part in cyber bullying, you might think your just posting a few innocent comments but you are going to affect someone. There is definitely a connection between cyber bullying and suicide. Other factors like mental disorders can also increase the risk of suicide but in cyber bullying, one small push is enough to take someone over the edge. For example, a girl with major depression who might already have suicidal thoughts and is starting to become cyber bullied, being cyber bullied would be that push to commit suicide. Individuals sometimes aren’t aware that their words can cost a life. You might think that you’re just giving your opinion but to the other person those are harmful words, and after a life is taken apologies don’t bring the person back. A negative comment could mean the difference of one more life being taken away. Young teenagers need to be taught that saying things online can have huge consequences. Targeting some online means no escape for the victim. You might think that just because you’re not saying this one negative comment to an individual in person doesn’t mean it’s not going to affect them.

Bruh Want and Free Rider Essay

Bruh Want and Free Rider Essay Bruh: Want and Free Rider Essay Majority of the time in a group project or work place there is at least one person in the group that, slacks off and barely does anything however he/she gets credit for the work. He/she gets away with doing nothing because either his team does not say anything or the manager just allows it to slide. From this case the manager the manager plays a role as Freddie’s enabler. What the manager needs to do in the work place is simply motivate the workers including the free-riders to actually want to do their job. And lastly she needs to show him who the boss is, and he is easily replaceable. The manager has spoken to him. Provided suggestions and tried to live by an example she says, however she hasn’t made any changes to ignite his interest. 1. If you notice the free-riders just gliding through life, make the tasks have meaning. I know in my generation, especially me, if I am not interested in something IS simply clock out and the care is gone. However when I see that the task is very important, I work my best to accomplish the task. 2. Bring the other members accomplishments in light. In this case Freddie slightly knows he’s a free riders; however sometimes free riders have no clue that they are slacking in the work place. The manager needs to be able to sit and compare/contrast Freddies work with his peers. Through this he will see the little he actually does. 3. Provide the workers including the free rider with responsibilities Giving people a leadership role, goes back to the 1st bullet. It gives the worker something to actually care about, and in addition the workers had to bring their own individual work 5. Establish a relationship with the free rider and simply ask them for advice. The manager needs

Love Song to a Dictionary

Love Song to a Dictionary Love Song to a Dictionary Love Song to a Dictionary By Maeve Maddox Most writers of English in every part of the world acknowledge the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as a reliable reference to settle questions of spelling, pronunciation, and usage. Today computers are used to organize, store, and supplement the online Second Edition of the OED at the rate of 4,000 new words a year. But the OED had its beginnings long before computers made the lexicographers work easier. It took 120 keyboarders working six years to key in the more than 350,000,000 handset characters of the First Edition from which the Second Edition derives. The First Edition, compiled and printed the old-fashioned way, required numerous editors, thousands of volunteer readers, millions of slips of paper, and 70 years to achieve completion. But these are nothing but dry statistics. For a glimpse of the human side of the mighty OED, read Simon Winchesters The Professor and the Madman. Subtitled A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary, Winchesters book is an instructive example of narrative nonfiction as well as a fascinating read. It tells the story of James Murray (the professor) and W.C. Minor (the madman). Murray took over the editorship of the OED in 1879 and remained at the job until his death in 1915. He guided the dictionary from A-T. Minor was a former American army doctor incarcerated from 1872-1910 in the Broadmoor hospital for the criminally insane. He contributed thousands of the quotations that illustrate usage in the OED entries. Minor killed an Englishman, but escaped execution by reason of insanity. Because of his personal wealth and usually mild behavior, he was given special privileges, such as having two rooms in a cell block with a pleasant view. He fitted one of the rooms as a library and collected old books. When Professor Murray sent out a call in 1879 for volunteers to contribute illustrative quotations to the OED, Minor responded. He applied himself to a systematic reading regimen and earned Murrays attention and respect. Winchesters embroideries and speculations are sometimes a little over the top. He waxes romantic as he commiserates with Minors victims and speculates on the possible causes of Minors mental condition. Overall, however, The Professor and the Madman is an excellent use of research to create a non-fiction book that is hard to put down. It casts a reference book we take for granted in a new light. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidAcronym vs. InitialismPersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

Can we identify a compound that could be added to spermatozoa in vitro Assignment

Can we identify a compound that could be added to spermatozoa in vitro to enhance their motility - Assignment Example In particular, sperm motility is an important parameter because it indicates the integrity of the sperm tail and axoneme structures as well as the status of mitochondrial metabolic machinery (Saharkhiz et al., 2013). The World Health Organization uses a 40% cut off as the lower limit of progressive sperm motility. Although the exact cause of asthenospermia is not clear, there is growing evidence that it may arise due to hyper-viscosity of semen, varicoceles, autoimmunity of the sperm cell, and necrospermia resulting from immotile cilia (Kartagener) syndrome (Saharkhiz et al., 2013). Overall, reduced sperm motility indicates epididymal or testicular failure that can be caused by various factors. Currently, treatment of male infertility has focused mainly on the traditional in vitro fertilization (IVF) approach and newer interventions such as micro-epididymal sperm aspirations and microsurgical fertilization. However, these techniques are uncommon in andrological practice. Current research efforts in this area focus on the use of chemical stimulation of spermatozoa. A number of chemicals can stimulate sperm motility including the addition of compounds known to exhibit phosphodiesterase inhibition (PDEI) activity to enhance sperm motility in vitro without compromising sperm morphology and function. PDEIs are a class of related compounds such as pentoxifylline (PTX) that selectively catalyze the hydrolysis of 3’ phosphate bond in cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) phosphate or cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP). In one of the pioneering studies on in vitro stimulation of sperm motility, Shen (1991) demonstrated that Pentoxifylline (PTX) increases motility (velocit y) of ejaculated human spermertozoa both in in vitro aesthenozoospermic samples in oral therapy. Related studies have shown that PTX added in sperm suspensions increases sperm motion within 10 days with the motility characteristics persisting

Before Sunset Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Before Sunset - Essay Example The movie has rightfully earned great critical acclaim for portraying the lives of two individuals, who love each other dearly but are always pulled apart because of their circumstances. Moreover, it was not just the plot of the story that was laudable but the premise of the film further entails several themes regarding the geographical and urban design of the contemporary society that has greatly isolated people and restricted interaction on a daily basis. Even in the past, films were tools that were used vastly as a means to promote a particular city or culture. The entire filming before sunrise was done in Paris, providing insight into how urban structure seems to have affected the lives of the masses. The film depicts the life of both the protagonists and the degree to which their lives had changed over the period of their separation. Both Jesse and Celine portray contemporary individuals, who experience the rising problems of an urban society; loneliness being one of the primary issues. This concept is called urban isolation, which arises as a result of the layout of our society that prevents social encounters and interactions. From architecture to the overall communication network, modern civilization has been developed in such a way to protect the privacy of individuals that besides making things easier for people often results in people becoming more and more distant from each other. As a matter of fact, from residential buildings to everyday travel, privacy and seclusion are marketed as an asset and this feature is being made more attractive that makes people want to achieve it. This aspect is ostensible in the movie through the segregation that is believed to have been prolonged because of this aspect of the society. From the first movie, both of them had been heading towards opposite directions, although their circumstances kept them from reaching out to each other, but the period of their separation was further

Comparison between Tony Kytes and The Seduction :: English Literature

Comparison between Tony Kytes and The Seduction =============================================== Both Tony Kytes and The Seduction deal with relationships between young men and girls. Both tell of the ways in which the men manipulate the girls, gaining what they want at the girls' expenses. They both detail the insensitive treatment of the girls and explore the attitudes towards sex, marriage and the opposite sex from both the male and female point of views. Tony Kytes is a humorous account of a young man called Tony and his encounter with three prospective young women whilst driving his cart back from the nearby market. The first is sly and worms her way into Tony's affections. However his fiance Milly appears and Tony requests Unity to hide under the tarpaulin in the back of the cart to avoid a difficult confrontation. Milly arrives and climbs aboard the cart, yet they have not travelled far before Tony spies another pretty girl, namely Hannah Jolliver. This time he persuades Milly to hide in the back of the cart and she too consents. Hannah requests a lift and openly flirts with him, making Tony wonder about who he really wants to marry. He notices his Father, who offers some good advice - that he should marry the one girl who didn't ask for a lift (Milly), Tony immediately disregards it. Meanwhile the horse has run off, tipping the cart over and revealing all three girls, forcing Tony to make a quick decision. He asks Hannah, who refuses him due to her father's presence. Unity is asked next, but she refuses him, as she was only second choice. Tony then requests Milly's hand in marriage, she accepts; they get married shortly afterwards. The Seduction is a rather different account of yet another encounter between a young man; this time only one female is involved. Set in Tyneside in 1980's it describes a meeting between a young man and a young girl at a party, and the ensuing aftermath. At the party the girl is plied with alcohol, which makes her more and more relaxed, till finally the man takes her to a favourite spot of his by the river where he takes advantage of her alcohol-fuelled state. When the girl realises she is three months pregnant she is devastated. She realises that she can no longer be the innocent girl she was and can no longer look forward to carefree summers with her friends. She recognises that she will not get to experience teenage life in the same way again and is mortified by this. Tony Kytes is set in the 1800's in a rural Wessex farming community. We know it is a farming community due to the references of " the

Describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development for each of the life stages of an individual Essay

The eldest of Frank and Isobel Hawking’s four children, Stephen William Hawking was born on the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo—long a source of pride for the noted physicist—on January 8, 1942. He was born in Oxford, England, into a family of thinkers. His Scottish mother, Isobel Hawking, had earned her way into Oxford University in the 1930s—a time when few women thought of going to college—making her one of the college’s first female students. His father, Frank Hawking, another Oxford graduate, was a respected medical researcher with a specialty in tropical diseases. Stephen Hawking’s birth came at an inopportune time for his parents, who didn’t have much money. The political climate was also tense, as England was dealing with World War II and the onslaught of German bombs. In an effort to seek a safer place to have their first child, Frank moved his pregnant wife from their London home to Oxford. The Hawking’s would go on to have two other children, Mary (1943) and Philippa (1947). A second son, Edward, was adopted in 1956. In 1963 Hawking’s had many tests done on his well being and found that he had ALS and the doctors said he would die in 2 years. Hawking’s quest for big answers to big questions includes his own personal desire to travel into space. In 2007, at the age of 65, Hawking made an important step toward space travel. While visiting the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida, he was given the opportunity to experience an environment without gravity. He has also gone on to do many more things which I will go into detail about in this essay. Conception There was no given information about conception, this is what generally happens. However we can estimate the conception time. Physical Development Stephan hawking would have been conceived around the date May the 8th 1941. During conception the physical development is that the semen from the male joins with the egg from the female to create a new living cell. A baby’s sex is determined at fertilisation. A chromosome from the father’s sperm determines whether the child is male or female. If an X chromosome is present the baby is a girl; if a Y chromosome is carried by the sperm instead, the baby is a boy. Pregnancy There was no given information about the sort of pregnancy Stephan Hawking’s mother had so this is an overview of the general things that happen. Physical Development There are three Trimesters in pregnancy in the first: in the first four weeks from conception, fetal growth of the ovum begins with development of the spinal cord, nervous system, gastrointestinal system, heart and lungs. By eight weeks, in the embryonic stage, the face is forming, arms and legs move, the baby’s heart begins beating and the brain and other organs form. By 12 weeks, the baby, now called a foetus, grows to 3 inches long and weighs 1 ounce. She can move fingers and toes. Fingerprints are present. The baby smiles, frowns, sucks, swallows and urinates. The sex of the baby can be discerned by this time. In the second; during the second three months of pregnancy, the baby kicks, can hear and has a strong grip. At 16 weeks a strong heartbeat is evident. The skin is transparent and fingernails and toenails form. The baby can roll over in the amniotic fluid. At 20 weeks, the heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope. The baby has hair, eyelashes and eyebrows. He can suck his thumb and may have hiccups. By 24 weeks, the baby is 11 to 14 inches long and weighs 1 to 1 1/2 pounds. His skin is covered with a protective coating, his eyes are open. The Third; the baby is very active at 28 weeks and initial breathing movements begin. She is adding body fat. By 32 weeks, the baby experiences periods of sleep and wakefulness and responds to sounds. A six months’ supply of iron is accumulating in the liver. By 36 to 38 weeks she is 19 or more inches long and weighs 6 pounds or more. At this point she is less active and gains immunities from her mother. Intellectual Brain waves have been recorded by EEG (electro- encephalograph) in the human embryo 40 days after fertilisation. Human embryos of five weeks gestational age have been seen to move away from an object touching the mouth area. The sensitive area extends to include the rest of the face in the sixth and seventh weeks and the palms of the hands and soles of the feet in the eighth and ninth weeks respectively. 10 weeks your baby’s forehead temporarily bulges with his developing brain and sits very high on his head, which measures half the length of his body. By 12 weeks nerve cells are multiplying rapidly, and in your baby’s brain, synapses are forming furiously. Birth & Infancy Infancy is a time when growth and development are at their most rapid. This is the time when they learn to control the reflexes they are born with and learn to support themselves such as head support and sitting up. Nothing was recorded on this life stage for Stephen Hawking apart from the fact he was born in Oxford and was the eldest of four Stephen Hawking’s birth came at an inopportune time for his parents, who didn’t have much money. The political climate was also tense, as England was dealing with World War II and the onslaught of German bombs. Physical Development From birth to 3 months Motor control develops from the head, moves down through the arms and the trunk and then to the legs and feet, according to an item on early development on the online magazine Parenting. Initial movements are reflexive in nature, such as turning the head to the side when the cheek is stroked, which aids in feeding. As the initial survival reflexes fade, motor skills are related to the growing ability to observe and interact with the environment. From 3 to 6 months At 3 months of age, infant progresses to lifting the head and chest up when lying in its belly and may press up with its arms. A 3-month-old kicks its legs when lying on the belly or back, and bats at and briefly grasps toys, according to Healthy Children. The Hawaii Early Learning Profile indicates that between 3 and 4 months, he begins rolling with belly to back first, and back to belly closer to 6 months. From 6 to 12 months the average age at which infants sat without support was 6 months. The average age for standing with support was 7. months. Infants in the study crawled on hands and knees at 8. 5 months. Walking with assistance occurred at 9. 2 months. The average age of an infant who achieved standing alone was 11 months. From 12 to 24 months a young toddler takes two to three steps alone around 12 months. They should walk unsupported across a room with stopping or changing direction between 13 and 15 months. Around 18 months, kicking and throwing balls, running, climbing stairs with assistance, and propelling scoot toys join the toddler’s set of mobility and play skills. From 24 to 36 months (3 years) between the ages of 2 and 3, balance improves and the toddler walks with a smoother pattern. During this period they learn to stand briefly on one foot, walk backwards, and walk on tiptoes. A child jumps in place around 24 months and progresses to jumping over a small obstacle by 36 months. At 24 months then should be able to climb a small ladder and goes down a small slide, then manoeuvres on a variety of playground equipment around 35 months. Between 30 and 34 months, toddlers begin to walk up stairs alternating feet without a hand held or use of a railing. Other play skills expected within a few months of the third birthday are catching a playground ball that has been tossed to the child and pedalling a tricycle. Intellectual Development From 0-6 months the baby can vocalise, it makes cooing sounds and chuckles, the baby will do this spontaneously and they will discover the impact they can have the world such as when they cry someone will come and that6 when they are played with and tickled they should laugh etc. From 6months- 1? years the child should be able to use one or two words to name things or actions such as ‘juice’ or ‘ball’, they should also be able to say ‘mama’ and ‘dada’. Point to familiar things when they want them or asked where they are, they should also be able to point to at least one body part when asked, for example if someone asked where their nose was they should clearly be able to show that they know. They will be more curious about everything around them and will start to explore and realise right from wrong. They should also start to realise that objects can still exist when they’re out of sight for example if they’re in their high chair and drop something they will then go off and look for it. From 1? years-3 years the child should be able to draw a partial person such as the head and body it may not be clear but you can easily tell that it’s supposed to be a body. They will be able to now talk in sentences and formulate them well and their speech is understandable most of the time. They will use the right pronouns for what they’re trying to say and identifying persons (I, you and me) Emotional & Social Development 0-3 months will develop a social smile, they will also at this time enjoy play and cry when play stops. The child will then in turn become more expressive and communicates more with the face and body. They will imitate some movements and other facial expression that they see on other people. 3-7 months they will enjoy social play with other children and other family members. They will be interested when seeing mirror images (seeing themselves in a mirror), the child will start to respond to facial expressions and emotions and often appears joyful and happy. 7months-1year When the child meets new people they will be shy and anxious at first, will cry when mother or father leaves them at day care, nursery etc. They will enjoy imitating people in his play and shows preference for certain people and different toys. The child will at this age start to test their parent’s responses to different behaviours to see how they react to them crying or laughing etc. Children can become fearful in some situations and will prefer their mother or regular care giver over everyone else. They will be able to finger feed themselves and will repeat gestures for attention and they will also extend their arms and legs to help when getting dressed. -3 years the child will imitate behaviours especially other children’s behaviours and their parent’s gestures and facial expressions, They will be more aware of themselves as separate from other people. They will be more excited about company of other children; they will also demonstrate growing independence and begin to show defiant behaviour. Their separation anxiety with their parents will begin to fade halfway between this years. Childhood age s 4-10 Childhood is the life stage when people develop control over their bodies. Our emotions become more complex as we get older and we have more control over how we respond to them. We develop more communication skills and learn to relate to others. There’s a few things that have come up about Stephan Hawking’s childhood. One of them is at an early age their mother would all lie outside with them and stare up at the stars, Hawking’s mother said that â€Å"I could tell the stars would draw him† and she knew he would from then out want something to do with science and the sky when he was older. Also there was a source that told us that they would all sit quietly at the dinner table and just read this could have affected at least two areas of development that I will talk about when I get to it. However it was said that he hated to be still and would always be on the go as a child and was a very active person even after he started Oxford University at the age of 17 he loved to dance and liked rowing and became one of the Oxford rowing teams coxswain. Also after Hawkings was born his parents would go on to have two other children, Mary (1943) and Philippa (1947). A second son, Edward, was adopted in 1956. Physical Development If Stephan Hawking was a very active child this means his gross motor skills would be very developed as he would never be still and always be running about and even later on in life he carried on with doing active sports and activities. Apart from this there wasn’t much more information on his physical development. At this age the average physical development of a child is: By the age of 4years a child should be able to bend down to pick up toys with their legs straight, can use ladders properly such as climbing up on play frames in the park, they should become better with ball games now finding it easier to kick and throw a ball and catching should begin to develop, if they own a trike (bike with stabilizers) they should now be very good on it, they should also be able to go up and down stairs efficiently, They may also run on their tip toes rather than the balls of their feet and also should be able to sit cross legged and stand on one leg for a short period of time. This is where all the basic things they learn in playgroup come into play and their gross and fine motor skills become more developed such as they can now pick up toys without any trouble where as when they were so many months old this was not possible. At age 5years they should be able to dance, play all sorts of ball games; their balance should have improved, they should be able to walk along a thin line, can touch toes with straight legs and should just be more lively and energetic in general. By the age of 6years they should be able to skip, ride a bike they will begin to lose any fat they have and gain muscle, they should be capable of cleaning their own teeth, they should be able to play jump robe, kick a ball and play catch. Many 6year olds will be interested in playing team sports this then will help boost social Development. Children of 6years will also be able to draw more neatly and clearly, and be able to write letters, they should also be more skilled at using scissors and they should now be learning or already know how to tie their shoe laces and do up buttons. 7years of age children should now have good hand eye coordination and they should have good balance by this age also they should be able to do basic gymnastic movements such as forward and backwards rolls and maybe somersaults. By the age of 8years this is the age when the amount of practice and play done in the earlier years begins to manifest itself in skilfulness and in what might be called â€Å"athleticism. † Motor skills like throwing, catching, kicking, balancing, rolling and batting approach the mature stage and allow some youngsters to be highly successful in traditional sports like baseball, soccer and basketball. Earlier years of practice also provide the foundation for success in sports like skiing, skating, golf, dance and gymnastics. This year is also the time when children frequently begin to identify themselves as â€Å"athletic† or â€Å"un athletic,† thereby influencing their future involvement in sports and physical activity 8 years of age information took from this website: http://www. pbs. rg/parents/childdevelopmenttracker/eight/ At the age of 9years (the final age of childhood) The growth in your 9 year old child can vary greatly some children at this age can experience puberty the motor skills of 9-year-old children are smoother and stronger than when they were younger, You can expect to see a wide range of physical abilities among children this age. Some 9year olds will have better coordination, balance, and endurance than others and they may take a great interest in a certain sport such as basketball, swimming, dance etc. Intellectual Development Stephen Hawkings family used to sit around the dinner table in silence at dinner times and they would all read a book, this means that intellectually Stephen Hawking should start learning to read from a younger age this means his reading age may be more advanced than other children of his age, even though this does not say what age he was when this used to happed it is presumed it would happen every day in the family home. His mother would also take him out to look at the stars this would encourage his interest in the world at a young age and get him more interested and maybe this could have made him want to learn, she said ‘I knew the stars would draw him’ she could tell he was very interested in the world/stars. The intellectual developmental averages for a child in childhood are: at 4years of age, They should be skilful at holding pencils, can draw a house, can draw people with heads bodies legs and most fingers, May decide on what they’re drawing/painting before they complete it, Knows all primary colours and can build a 10 brick high tower and can copy a six brick pattern. At the age of 5years a child should be able to; copy a 10 brick pattern, can count all fingers, can draw a more detailed house with windows chimney garden etc, they should be skilled at colouring in and doing jigsaws, can now copy a square triangle circle and the letters A, C, U, O, T, X, Y, V, H and L and should be able to correspond the time of day with everyday activities. At the age of 6years your child will start school and this is where they will learn all new and exciting things such as writing and reading and mathematics, They will be gaining a longer attention span the interest of the world around them will begin to increase, many 6year olds will begin to develop independent reading, enjoy writing stories, they will start to break words down into sounds vocab will increase and a lot more. Age 7years they should: use a vocabulary of several thousand words, demonstrates a long attention span, will use serious logical thinking, should be able to understand reasoning, knows days months and seasons, able to solve complex problems and individual learning styles become clearer cut. At the age of 8 your child should be able to count to 1000, can do simple comprehension tasks, they will read for pleasure and their vocabulary will now be laying the ground work for academic achievement. Emotional Development Stephan Hawking came from a big family and had sisters and brothers one of which was adopted, this may not have affected him emotionally however sometimes siblings can feel like other of the siblings are favourite and this can often make them feel not good enough and want to impress their parents. There are no records to say this happened to Stephan Hawking however there is a possibility it could have. At 4 years of age a few things they should be able to do include: identify basic emotions on pictures say if the picture looks happy or sad, they can identify care givers such as cares and parents. Obviously this shows Stephan Hawking knew who his mother was etc and maybe have a strong emotional bond as they would often go out and spend time together under the stars. By the age of 5years they will begin to describe their feelings and maybe learn how to control them a little bit by playing with friends/toys when sad, they may even start to imitate their care givers. At the age of 6years they can often become overwhelmed by emotions and feel doubt or shame they will also have formed strong bonds with at least one member of the family and may prefer to send time with them. At the age of 7 years your child will be learning to cope with emotions and can fully be able to describe how they feel when asked will have formed strong friendships at school and will enjoy being around other children. At the age of 8years your child should have a clear favourite friend and will enjoy spending time with them the most, many children will be able to handle their feelings and will know why and how they feel this way which is a good thing as they can then learn how to change how they feel.

Sharpville Massacre - 1100 Words

Kekeletso Mphuthi Human Rights Day (21 March, the date of the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960) During the Apartheid era in South Africa, black people were oppressed beyond humane standards. They were deprived of racial equality with the whites. Also, they were exploited off from their land. Furthermore, they were restricted from certain privileges. All this caused retaliation by the blacks both politically and socially, and the eventual result was the Sharpeville Massacre. The Sharpeville massacre was a haunting historical response by black people against the Apartheid oppression. For almost fifty years black South Africans had strived for their struggle against oppression and exploitation with the greatest patience. They had put their†¦show more content†¦Then on March 21, 1960, the people of Sharpeville began to move up Seiso Street toward the police station at the top end of the township. It was said that the Congress leaders wanted everyone to go there and get them arrested for not carrying their passes. People crowded around the high security fence and were chanting and singing. On the other side of the fence were armed policemen lined up and ready to shoot and to the sides of the crowd were two rock-hard cars equipped with machine guns. People arrived in masses with only faith at hand. At exactly 1:50 P.M. there was uproar at the right side of the gate, it seemed as though a fat woman had been bumped by a police car as it tried to drive through the gate. Immediately after this there were chattering noises within the crowd. The police started shooting at crowd. People were being shot in the head. A survivor of this tragic day, Michael Zondo, a school teacher, recalls seeing brains flying everywhere in front of him, skulls bursting wide open. The crowd spread quickly and people began running in a panic. It was a moment of total chaos. Suddenly it was all over, 69 deaths and 180 sufferers, later the Sharpeville Massacre had come to an end. There is no memorial to the Sharpeville Massacre as there is to the women and children who died in the Boer concentration camps, but it holds the same symbolic place in the pilgrimage of deaths ofShow MoreRelatedHow Far Has the Importance of Nelson Mandela in the Ending of Apartheid Been Exaggerated?1748 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieved to be more influential than Mandela. Protests against pass laws were quite common but the Sharpville massacre is what caught the attention of the world. The Sharpville massacre was one of the worst civilian massacres is south African history. It was reported in the Chronicle of the 20th century that â€Å"56 Africans died and 162 were injured when police opened fire in the black township of Sharpville.† This cannot be thought of as completely accurate as it was published in a newspaper. The governmentRead MoreThe Role of Nelson Mandela in En ding Apartheid in South Africa783 Words   |  4 Pageshelped bring Apartheid to an end; the examples are the Sharpville massacre (in 1960) and the Soweto (in 1978). Sharpville was a very important turning point in the fight against Apartheid. In 1960 the PAC organised a protest against the pass laws at Sharpville. Some 5000 unarmed protesters gathered. Stone throwing led to shooting. At the end of the day 69 Africans were dead and 178 wounded. Obviously this massacre caused devastation, upset and anger. The ANC calledRead More Nelson Mandela Essay2142 Words   |  9 PagesANC to protest the actions of the Apartheid government. The police retaliated sporadically shooting everybody in sight†¦sixty-nine dead, one hundred and eighty injured (Humanitarians and Reformers 184).The vicious annihilations were named the Sharpville massacre (Humanitarians and Reformers 183). These events created a work boycott amongst the African community which in turn caused the government to claim that they were in a state of emergency, shutting down the entire country. Arrest warrants wereRead MoreTaking a Look at Nelson Mandela639 Words   |  3 Pagescannot say for certain if there is such a thing as love at first sight, but i do know that the moment i first glimpsed at Winnie Nomzamo,I knew that i wanted to have her as my wife. (Mandela,1958, pg 77 ) Armed Struggle(1960) After the 1960 Sharpville Massacre, where many unarmed black protesters were killed by the police he saw the need to change from his non-violent ways by organizing an armed struggle the ANCs Military Wing, Umkhonto WeSizwe. In the very same year he went on to study guerrilla

Analysis Of The Article On The Letter By Charles E...

How to Be a Minimalist By Charles E Huss | Submitted On September 24, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest 1 Expert Author Charles E Huss Minimalism has been around for thousands of years but it seems it is becoming increasingly popular lately. Perhaps that is because so many people, used to living a material life, are starting to question why all these things don t make them happy, or even satisfied. Some are realizing that they can get more by living with less. What is Minimalism? Minimalism has several meanings, some are related to art and music and others refer to interior design and architecture, Still others are political in nature. The dictionaries I looked at do not even mention minimalism as a lifestyle choice so I will try to define it in my own words. Minimalism is a lifestyle that involves living with only what is necessary for happiness, health and general well-being. I tend to take a softer approach to being a minimalist. I believe it is more of a journey than a destination. Some people may want to jump in head first and get rid of every single unnecessary item in their house overnight. I think that takes much of the enjoyment out of it. For me, getting rid of

Bob Dylan And The American Civil Rights And Anti War...

Bob Dylan (/ˈdÉ ªlÉ™n/; born Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter, artist and writer. He has been influential in popular music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when his songs chronicled social unrest, although Dylan repudiated suggestions from journalists that he was a spokesman for his generation. Nevertheless, early songs such as Blowin in the Wind and The Times They Are a-Changin became anthems for the American civil rights and anti-war movements. After he left his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single Like a Rolling Stone altered the range of popular music in 1965. His mid-1960s recordings, backed by rock musicians, reached the top end of the United States music charts while also attracting denunciation and criticism from others in the folk movement. Dylan s lyrics have incorporated various political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture. Initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard, and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, Dylan has amplified and personalized musical genres. His recording career, spanning 50 years, has explored the traditions in American song—from folk, blues, and country to gospel, rock and roll, and rockabilly to English, Scottish, and Irish folk music, embracing even jazzShow MoreRelatedBob Dylans The Sixties Counterculture1622 Words   |  7 Pages we must understand the important role of Bob Dylan. His lyrics fueled the rebellious youth in America. Songs such as â€Å"Blowin’ in the Wind† and â€Å"The Times are A-Changin† made him favorable to anti-war demonstrators and supporters of the Civil Rights movement. He was commonly hailed as the spokesman for his generation. Dylan used lyrics to allow the youth to find their own form of counter-culture. 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A young Bob Dylan arises to the spotlight and sings songs speaking of protest and originality, expressing societal dissatisfaction felt by not only himself but by his entire generation. In the 1960s Dylan wrote many protest songs that people of his generation found themselves connecting to, leading way to a counterculture asideRead MoreThe Beatles And Bob Dy lan905 Words   |  4 Pagesand America have influenced and inspired one another for many years. Music was, and still is, a huge connecting factor between the two countries. The Beatles and Bob Dylan, two of the most famous artists of all time, demonstrate how Britain and America had a profound influence on each country’s music culture. In the beginning of American history, America was heavily influenced by Britain because it was considered the â€Å"Mother Country† for the pilgrims that settled throughout North America. Due to this

Security and Privacy in Workplace Free Essays

string(108) " for certain then the company can be sued which can affect the companies’ reputation to a greater extent\." 1. 0 Introduction Whalen and Gates (2010), define monitoring differently in their article. They define it as a method and procedure of examining the workers in an organization and study their constant events intended to guarantee that together the protection of employees and requirements of the employer are met. We will write a custom essay sample on Security and Privacy in Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nearly all companies nowadays take videos of their employees, they read their emails and monitor their Web surfing. This can be done surreptitiously and some organizations are honest about it Chan et al. (2005). Privacy is one of the most important things that are immensely fitting to be something of the past. In general companies are permitted to observe employee activities by the courts. Private companies have been setting rules in situations when employees are taken into service for instance contracts that affirm that they will be monitoring employees’ use of the Internet or any company tools (Chieh and Kleiner, 2003). Efforts have been made in arrangement for laws that protect business and the employees, regrettably most current court cases have been deceiving evidence in the eyes of the magistrates thus confidentiality or privacy laws have been unsuccessful for employees. It has been recommended that government, big firms and industries and health care systems should have the capability to tape and study workers activities as it is a benefit to research and development for several years. Most legislation is the same opinion that laws should be set in place even though the breach of human rights forbid them from approaching the issue to a law level (Welebir and Kleiner, 2005). Sadly, comprehensible defenses of privacy opposed to security may never be evident from the view point of the law. Employers’ main apprehension is the decrease in productivity, virus attacks/ damaged equipment (i. e. computers), legal charges and loss of classifies data. Employees’ major worry is incursion of their privacy, mistreatment of control and precision in their work. A survey conducted in the year 2000, is that sixty two percent of the employees use Internet resources once a day for their private reasons and twenty percent of them use it for at least ten times. This is why employer is at unease because a large number of workers are using company property for their own use and not for the business purposes. According to Watson (2002) sopports the idea that productivity is what most companies are concerned about such that if employees use them for their own private uses it will negatively affect productivity. It is compulsory for them to put regulations and policies that will help them monitor employees and their activities during working hours. Some of the main things that companies use are telephone monitoring particularly when personal calls are made, electronic surveillance, drug testing and verification of emails sent externally for private reasons. Reasons why companies make use of policies is for the reason of a decrease in productivity , sensitive material which arise from unpleasant email usage, workplace accidents caused by prohibited drug use, employees bitterness over monitoring of computers and sexual harassment complaints prompted by dating among workmates. 2. 0 Research Objectives R01. To identify if security and privacy actions affect things like productivity in the workplace/organization R02. To state some of the security and privacy actions that some companies are implementing in the workplace R03. To analyze whether organizations nowadays are focusing more on prioritizing their security initiatives thus undermining their employees and their personal lives R04. To evaluate if companies are using the right tools, technologies and methods to maintain good quality security and privacy within their organization 3. 0 Research Questions RQ1. What do organizations hope to achieve by implementing security in their companies? RQ2. What effect does security and privacy actions have on productivity in the organization? RQ3. Do organizations of nowadays focus more on prioritizing their security initiatives hence undermining their employees and their personal lives? RQ4. Do companies use the right methods, technology and tools when they choose security and privacy as a priority? 4. 0 Hypothesis H1. Security and privacy actions increase things like productivity in the workplace. H2. Telephone and email monitoring, monitored computer web use and surveillance cameras are some of the security actions that some organizations are implementing to their workers. H3. Organizations nowadays are more focused on prioritizing their security initiatives thus undermining their employees’ personal lives. H4. For a company to maintain good quality security and privacy within their organization they have to own the right tools, technologies and methods. Theoretical Framework Workplace performance Security and Privacy in the workplace Priorities of the company such as productivity and protection The independent variable is security and privacy implementation in companies and workplace performance is the dependent variable. Priorities of companies such as productivity and protection are the controlling variables to the results. 5. 0 Achievements gained From Implementing Security and Privacy in the Workplace Organizations hope to achieve a better performance from their employees when they implement security in the workplace. Most companies today in most parts of the world do observe their workers because they have reasonable reasons for doing so. Since employers are accountable for their employees they have to provide them with a safe and a secure workplace. By monitoring or surveilling employees, employers hope to achieve several things such as employee or customer satisfaction, protection of the company’s confidential information and prevent trade secrets from leaking out, non-offensive material from emails and the internet, high performance from the network and the systems and to boost employee productivity (Vorvoreanu and Botan, 2001). 5. Non-offensive material from emails and the Internet According to Lee and Kleiner (2003), employees are responsible for all their workers during employment hours such that even any of the workers happens to send offensive information/materials and they happen to offend the receiver, the employers are the ones who will be liable to this course of action. If the material that would have been sent is found offensive for certain then the company can be sued which can affect the compani es’ reputation to a greater extent. You read "Security and Privacy in Workplace" in category "Essay examples" To prevent such cases most companies have seen it fit to take the initiative of monitoring each and every email and web use by the employees. 5. 2 Prevention of trade secrets from leaking out According to Paciniet al. (2008), there are several physical actions that employees consider when doing an internal control to safeguard trade secrets of the company. Such actions include a restriction on accessing certain premises (use of key cards), locks for all file cabinets, surveillance equipment to see all movements and passwords for accessing computers. Monitoring employees especially when it comes to trade secrets boosts productivity because employees who have intentions to harm the organization are quickly detected and those who are loyal to the company will work to their maximum potential because they know that they are safe. 5. 3 High Performance from Network and the systems of the Company Companies do not only monitor their employees just to check if they are doing work properly. They also monitor them in order to know if the network and system performance is not being taken advantage of by being used for personal use hence a decrease in productivity. If a computer network is efficient it is of a great advantage because it increases productivity in the workplace. If a computer system is poor it can be a great loss to the firm because productivity can decrease which results in loss of customers and profits. Most employers really consider the network bandwidth traffic; this is related to employees using the network for personal use . These activities include downloads which decreases network and systems performance, also sharing and use of large audio and video files, surfing the internet and personal emails which are of high volume. All these actions by employees can cause the network/system be attacked by viruses which may cause it to be disabled (Trim, 2005). Secondly, if the bandwidth is used for purposes that are not work-related somehow it would be an expense that could have been avoided and to make matters worse the expenses that are incurred do not contribute to the wellness of the firm (Strategic Direction, 2009). For example nowadays most organizations are seeking to adopt the Web 2. 0 technologies for the sake of privacy and security of their companies. This type of technology according to Almeida (2012), it enables the employers to prevent data loss which would have been caused by inappropriate use of social media applications such as YouTube, Skype during working hours will definitely increase productivity in the workplace. According to Doshi (2009), employer does believe in monitoring their employees because it is a fast and easy method of getting the job done. Productivity and profits increase because the employees will work efficiently and at ease hence a lot of work is done in a short period of time. When workers work efficiently the employees themselves is satisfied hence customers are satisfied as well (Chan et al. 2005). According to The Gazette (2008), Internet abuse is a rising problem that is costing Canadian businesses beyond sixteen billion dollars yearly in lost productivity and the amount is predicted to be eighty billion dollars in the United States. 6. 0 Security Actions That Most Organizations Are Implementing 6. 1 Drug Testing Most organizations do drug testing for security reasons. For companies that are doing drug test, they test mainly for alcohol and drugs separately and others test for both. Employees who come to do their job under the influence of drugs/alcohol may be a threat to other work-mates. Secondly, drug testing has increased because of a rise in health cost and an increase in the danger imposed by lawsuits which come from worker disease. Many companies are involved with drug testing their employees because it is one of the best ways for solving medical and economic problems (Jardine-Tweedie and Wright, 1998) . According to Lu and Kleiner (2004), if the drug testing by the employer is legal and correctly does things according to the law of that particular state then the company will have to look forward to higher profits. High profits are obtained because the employee will be more productive, higher level of morale, a low rate of absenteeism, low health care and fewer injuries are encountered during working periods. 6. 2 Electronic Surveillance Computers are changing rapidly nowadays especially in the workplaces such that monitoring employees by electric equipment is more common. Surveillance cameras/ CCTV is another means used by employers to monitor their employees, they are always aware of all the activities that take place in the organization and surrounding areas. According to Chen and Park (2005), monitoring employees regularly would reduce cases of spies in the organization getting away with their actions. Such cases are few because these â€Å"spies† are aware that they are being watched thereby lose interest to do any illegal actions that will jeopardize their identity (Lu and Kleiner, 2004). Next, management’s main objective is to increase productivity and gain more profit hence they believe monitoring employees’ will improve their productivity levels for the better and an assurance of service of high quality. Chieh and Kleiner (2003) states that employers can use information they get from the cameras to find out things that are going wrong in the workplace or find out reasons why productivity is decreasing. For example, an employer can discipline workers who may have been wasting their working hours on their own interest based from the information obtained from monitoring. From this employees are bound to focus more on their assigned duties rather than waste time during working hours. Surveilling employees also motivates them to work even harder than they have been doing (Lee and Kleiner, 2003). Managers can somehow conduct a performance evaluation of their employees whereby they will be able to give a feedback to the employees’ and explain which parts needs correction. From monitoring they are able to dictate the type of employees who are hard-working and those who need help. Employers are also able to detect mistakes the employees are making and from this it will be easy to assist them and correct them. 6. 3 Emails, Voicemails/Telephone calls, Files and Web/Internet use monitoring Many companies monitor employees’ emails, files, voicemails and internet use for various reasons. The number of companies who practice this type of monitoring has increased over the past years (Cox et al, 2005). Employers proclaim that by monitoring employees email, voicemails/telephone calls that way they can be certain that they do not contain any materials that can offend the receiver. Email monitoring is when employers monitor all emails that are going in and out for security purposes to make sure that employees are not disclosing employment or business confidential information. They may monitor as well to check if employees are not harassing other coworkers. Telephone monitoring is a system of managing calls and observing service by the employees. This type of surveillance is used to monitor employees when they make or receive calls and they can gather information on how the employees are performing. Internet use monitoring is when managers take the initiative to observe all the steps of their employee’s online tracks. Sixty percent of the firms in the United States of America gain from the complex technology and they opt to monitor the workers activities on the Internet (Ciocchetti, 2010). In cases that they are in such situations whereby a worker sends offensive material employees are able to deal with the accused accordingly based on the proof of recorded conversations/videos. For example, Xerox Company fired forty employees who were caught viewing Pornography sites on the internet during working hours (The Register, 2000). Employers have been monitoring all its employees all over the world (ninety-two thousand in total) by taking records of every web site opened. The main reasons why they were fired is because they spent most of their working hours on issues that were not related to their company and also viewing pornographic sites may have been offending material to coworkers. Companies have installed different types of technologies just to monitor their employees’ activities. Examples include software that filters specific content of information to prevent it from leaving the firm which may lead to the disposal of company secrets. Other types of software used by companies are those that can monitor log-on and off times so that employers can see if workers are wasting time on issues that are not company related. Monitoring of emails, voicemails, files and Web use is believed to be another way that makes it certain that employees will work efficiently and possess productive work habits. Productive work habits boosts efficiency which increases productivity thus perfecting customer service. According to Welebir and Kleiner (2005), the worry for organizations is to keep up with the aspect of having power over production and encouraging utilization of the Internet as a priceless resource. A survey conducted by IntelliQuest Information group revealed that there was an increase in private use of the Internet at work. The results signified that the use of had grown from 6. 9 hours to 9. 8 hours for every week prior to the last year and about fifty seven million workers access Internet from their workplace for private use. Further information provided by the study was that the number of workers seemingly receiving classified information from competitors has increased from 9. 2 percent to 24. percent within a year. Moreover workers are getting emails with attachments, roughly one fifth of the workers have reported receiving insulting email from an inner source and only a third to confess spending more time on the Internet for personal use. States do not have the same policies for monitoring and governing websites viewed by the residents. States like China, Vietnam and Singapore does not only block sites for pornography they also ban access to linguistic and political issue s (Hechanova and Alampay, 2010). 7. Prioritizing Security and Privacy Ignores Employees’ Personal Lives Opponents of implementing security and privacy in the organization state that organization nowadays are too concerned with their own company interests and its prosperity thus forgetting that their employees do have personal lives. Installing electronic cameras that will be watching their activities all day when they are at work, monitoring emails and phone calls is making companies seem as if they are forgetting that their employees have a life to live (Dubbeld, 2004). This side of the coin feels that staff is at liberty to confidentiality when they are using the Internet. Employees argue that as they are allowed to breaks, lunch hours or other selectedperiods where they are not liable to any duties but still in the building they should have the freedom to do things like checking their e-mail, do their banking or shopping and maybe just browse the Internet on free time. Everyone is entitled to some privacy no matter where they are so they argue that they should be able to do this during their free time without anyone monitoring all their movements. Secondly, employees do not consider it as monitoring productivity when companies even observe staff in the toilet or relaxing areas of the office. Some employees consider it as an intrusion and they have lawful hope that they can maintain their personal lives private. Undermining workers privileges to confidentiality by surveillance and monitoring is not the only problem that employees face. It also generates high levels of stress and nervousness which to higher chances may lead to poor health of workers and a reduction in performance. Examples of physical wellbeing problems which may be caused by monitoring are repetitive Strain Injury and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome from performance monitoring by the company for instance keyboard strikes. To add on, employees believe thatthey are individuals who can make their own decisions hence it is their right to be treated as proficient andindependentpeople. Guaranteeing their individual development and performance that can be valued is what they believe they can achieve if they are treated as independent people thus they consider surveillance as violating their privacy (Ahmed, 2007). Workers argue that as long as individual e-mail does not hinder or conflict with business life, it should be permitted. Employees also argue that phone calls take more time than writing an e-mail and also that they should be given time to do individual matters because it can reduce the rate of absenteeism. Most employees have suggested that as long as there is a realistic limit on this practice of monitoring emails, there is no reason for fear but in situations where someone does something unusual then they will have to be dealt with (Kierkegaard, 2005). Even if employees are informed that they are being monitored and in agreement that they are using company property they still feel that their employers’ are not respecting the fact that besides working for tem they also have personal lives which still go on whether they are working or not. 8. 0 Better results can be achieved by using the right tools, technologies and methods For a company to maintain good quality security and privacy within their organization they have to own the right tools, technologies and methods. A company cannot just instill a rule/wake up one morning with intentions of monitoring all the activities of their employees and expect high productivity. Companies have to follows certain regulations to install such things as software that monitors an employees’ Internet use and all phone calls, drug testing and electronic surveillance. A cautiously worded policy that informs employees concerning the necessity of surveillance in the company will be the most probable way that it can gain acceptance or support for workplace monitoring from them (Watson, 2002). According to Mei-ShaChieh and Kleiner (2003), as regards to other forms of monitoring, it is vital that all forms of surveillance should not be unreasonably intrusive. The methods that employer’s use when they consider monitoring employees should be practical because if they are not deemed like that then the company can encounter problems such as rebellious employees; which may cause a decrease in performance. Arnesen and Weis (2007) critically supports the idea that Employers must know that it would not be irrationally intrusive to observe what an employee does in public; however it might be intrusive to observe the employee’s behavior hen they are in private places such as the toilet. For example, it may be practical to take pictures of employees when they are at work to observe productivity. However, it may unreasonable to put transparent panels in the ceiling of an employee lavatory. Moreover, if convincing conditions state the use of cameras in locker rooms or othe r private areas, they are supposed to have signs warning employees they are there. Next, Kierkegaard (2005) states the some of the international regulations and codes that organizations should take note of when they decide to prioritize security and some form of privacy in their workplace. The International Labor Office (ILO) has issued a Code of Practice on the Protection of worker’s personal data† and it is anticipated to give assistance on the safeguard of workers’ private data. The most important requirements of the Code include issues like using individual data legally and justly only for reasons that are directly applicable to the employment of the staff and for the reasons which they were gathered for in the first place. Employers should by all means necessary not keep insightful private information of employees and all employees should be well-informed before such events take place in the organization. They should be informed of any kind of monitoring that especially the ones that involve personal data collection. However, the information obtained from monitoring them should not be the only issues when doing a performance appraisal. Companies have a duty to safeguard private documents against any kind of a loss, unapproved access, usage, changes or exposure. Employees must have admission to their entire personal information and all rights to scrutinize and get a copy of all the archives. Revealing an Internet supervising policy is an essential element in an organization. Workers ought to be up to date with the type of activities that would be supervised, the regularity monitoring and how the management will be informed of the activity. If the organization verifies how the employees use their Internet then they must be informed and if the company retains deleted information for reasons like security when they should be informed about it (Welebir and Kleiner, 2005). The staff should not have beliefs that their actions on the Internet are confidential. Even though companies do not want to present the idea that they are monitoring each word they key in and mouse clicks on the Internet, it is compulsory to tell employees that they do not own any personal confidential rights when they are using the company Internet. 9. 0 Research Design and Methodology The impact of implementing security and privacy in the workplace and the effect it has on performance in the firm is an ontological study which takes a subjectivism view because security and privacy is created from the perception that workplace performance might be positively or negatively affected. The research is more of an explanatory studywhich is a deductive approach where Saunders et al. (2006), defines deductive astestinga concept in which the researcher cultivates the concept and assumption and design a research plan to test the assumption. The research strategy that is suitable for this study is survey because according to Saunders et al. (2006), it is usually related to a deductive approach and since we are using companies it is a tactic commonly used in businesses. I believe the research choice suitable for the study is a multi-method qualitative study whereby semi-structured interviews and questionnaires can be used for data collecting. Time horizon that can be used is a longitudinal study where according to Saunders (2006), the researcher embarks on a study at numerous facts in time in order to answer a research question. For reliability and validity sake to how security and privacy affect workplace performance several times of embarking on such a question will provide accurate results. Physical access is the one suitable for my study since I am an external researcher. Access would be granted from the management of all the companies that are to be used for the study and gaining an informal access from all the employees for accurate results. One of strategies that can be used to gain this access is that the project will benefit the company in one way or the other. Research ethics that should be maintained during data collection stage are confidentiality and anonymity. Furthermore, the sampling method technique I used is probability specifically cluster sampling is what I would consider because there are specific types of jobs that make use of surveillance cameras, computers (with internet) and telephones. . 1 Possible Results Based on the literature analysis, H1 can be accepted because by implementing security in the workplace it can work in two ways. Firstly, protects the business from competitors and can be used when evaluating employees. H2 can also be accepted because not only American companies use Surveillance cameras, do telephone and Interne t monitoring, companies in Europe and in countries like China, Vietnam, Philippine, Australia also do the same. H4 is acceptable because for the policy of applying security and privacy to work companies have to follow proper procedures. However H3 will remain debatable in the sense that in every topic that arises there is always going to be a group of people who will rebut the idea. It is acceptable only when the company does not communicate the use and the reasons behind the monitoring. 10. Conclusion Based on the evidence and facts from the literature review which provided various perspectives about security and privacy it can be concluded that monitoring employees can result in something noble or something unscrupulous. For example, emails and surfing the Internet can be a disruption but at the same time the feeling of being watched regularly can also be a disruption. Law of privacy has to balance employee interest against those of the employers and more prominently it must center on the important concepts of human self-esteem. Information technology has assisted firms to enlarge their productivity and efficiency but the misuse of the Internet has steered firms to monitor all communications operated electronically to guard their companies and limit legal responsibilities. Nowadays two major developments to be concerned about in regards to electronic surveillance is the great concern for employee privacy and the increased cases of employers being caught accountable for workers’ misbehaviors of electronic communication. Although the courts are in support of employers they must be alert about the workers’ rights though shielding the firms’ interests. Words 4 282 References Ahmed, S. ( 2007). Analysis of Workplace Surveillance In a Quest for an Ethical Stance. Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics, Vol 2,No. 4. Almeida, F. 2012). 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I did not manage to get a lot of recent journals for the current year and for the previous year but I did manage to get publications which were within the ten years. These sources really helped me understand more facts about my research topic. Most of the journals that I found were useful to explain my topic and write more facts because they had information that I wanted to use. Most of the journals that I found discussed reasons why organizations were implementing security and privacy in their organizations and the proper procedures that were supposed to be taken for such policies. However it was not easy to get journals that rebuttal those ideas and supported that somehow it affected employees. Secondly, I was able to find journals that explained security and privacy from companies in different countries. The issue of security and privacy in the workplace was more crucial beginning 1996 which shows that it’s an issue that that was brought about technology advancements. I found most of my journals on emerald insight and to top it up I found more from scholar web publications. I took my time to paraphrase all the necessary information from the journals that I found to support all my assumptions. I used twenty- three journals to support my ideas, except for one journal all of them the author name was given, dates, journal article headings and all the information needed to do the referencing. The impact of implementing security and privacy and its effect on workplace performance Appendix 2: Mind Map Week 1 Received topics to research on Week 2 Search for relevant journals mainly from Emerald Insight. com Week 2 Research Objectives Research Questions Hypothesis Week 2 Chose the research topic Week 3 Theoretical Framework Introduction Search for more Journals Week 4 Non-offensive material from emails and the Internet High performance from company networks systems Week 4 Protection of company confidential information Prevention of trade secrets from leaking out Week 4 Positive effects of security and privacy mainly on productivity, employee customer satisfaction Week 5 Security Privacy actions that companies are using Week 6 Facts raised by opponents of Security and privacy e. g. electronic surveillance Week 7 Owning the right tools, technologies and methods Week 9 Research Design and Methodology Possible Results How to cite Security and Privacy in Workplace, Essay examples